c. 1760 AD–c. 1913 AD
Industrialization and networks of energy, production, and labor
World history · Technology · Culture
Mechanization that began in Great Britain spread unevenly through coal, steam, factories, railways, steel, electricity, and new communications. It generated wealth and productive capacity, but also precarious work, pollution, and unequal relationships among industrial centers, colonies, and export economies; it was neither uniform nor inevitable.
Precision, calendar, and review
- Start
- year · approximate
- End
- year · approximate
- Calendar and convention
- Historical-era years; the source calendar is not identified. No conversion of days is assumed.
- Year zero
- The scale goes from 1 BCE to 1 CE without year zero. Changing era names changes labels only.
- Documentary review
- Date not recorded
Reading the date: duration of a process.
Sources
- openstax.org (opens in a new tab)
Source provenance and scope
- Publication date
- 2022-12-14
- What this date describes
- The cited source or edition; it may postdate the historical event.
- Bibliographic date checked
- 2026-09-23
- Date evidence
- Declared in the cited source’s publisher metadata.
The correspondence between this reference and individual claims has not yet been itemized.
This record is an editorial synthesis. Consult the sources to check claims and their limits. Chronological relationships alone do not establish causation.