c. 1492 AD–c. 1600 AD
Columbian Exchange and Atlantic conquest
World history · Culture · Politics
Encounters after 1492 durably connected the Americas, Europe, Africa, and later other regions through crops, animals, people, knowledge, and pathogens. It was not an exchange among equals: conquest, forced labor, and epidemics without prior immunity caused catastrophic losses among Indigenous peoples, alongside diverse resistance and adaptation.
Precision, calendar, and review
- Start
- year · approximate
- End
- year · approximate
- Calendar and convention
- Historical-era years; the source calendar is not identified. No conversion of days is assumed.
- Year zero
- The scale goes from 1 BCE to 1 CE without year zero. Changing era names changes labels only.
- Documentary review
- Date not recorded
Reading the date: duration of a process.
Sources
- www.loc.gov (opens in a new tab)
Source provenance and scope
- Publication date
- Not identified in metadata; document review pending
- Bibliographic date checked
- 2026-09-23
The correspondence between this reference and individual claims has not yet been itemized.
This record is an editorial synthesis. Consult the sources to check claims and their limits. Chronological relationships alone do not establish causation.