c. 165 CE–c. 180 CE
Antonine epidemic (identification debated)
World history · Culture
Ancient sources and modern studies describe outbreaks affecting the Roman Empire from 165 CE and over subsequent decades. Their scope, mortality, and pathogen—often proposed as smallpox—remain debated, so this entry gives neither fixed figures nor a definitive diagnosis.
Precision, calendar, and review
- Start
- year · approximate
- End
- year · approximate
- Calendar and convention
- Historical-era years; the source calendar is not identified. No conversion of days is assumed.
- Year zero
- The scale goes from 1 BCE to 1 CE without year zero. Changing era names changes labels only.
- Documentary review
- Date not recorded
Reading the date: duration of a process.
Sources
- classicalstudies.org (opens in a new tab)
Source provenance and scope
- Publication date
- Pending verification: the source could not be accessed
- Bibliographic date checked
- 2026-09-23
The correspondence between this reference and individual claims has not yet been itemized.
This record is an editorial synthesis. Consult the sources to check claims and their limits. Chronological relationships alone do not establish causation.