1872 CE–1876 CE
Challenger conducts a global ocean survey
Oceans, navigation & cartography · Hydrography & bathymetry · Oceanography
The HMS Challenger expedition circumnavigated the globe measuring depth, temperature, salinity, currents, and sediments while collecting organisms. Its stations were scattered points rather than a complete map, but they established a quantitative, multidisciplinary foundation for modern oceanography and bathymetry.
Precision, calendar, and review
- Start
- year · no uncertainty qualifier in this record
- End
- year · no uncertainty qualifier in this record
- Calendar and convention
- Historical-era years; the source calendar is not identified. No conversion of days is assumed.
- Year zero
- The scale goes from 1 BCE to 1 CE without year zero. Changing era names changes labels only.
- Documentary review
- Date not recorded
Reading the date: duration of a process.
Sources
- 1. oceanexplorer.noaa.gov (opens in a new tab)
Source provenance and scope
- Publication date
- 2012-03-15
- What this date describes
- The cited source or edition; it may postdate the historical event.
- Bibliographic date checked
- 2026-09-23
- Date evidence
- Declared in the cited source’s publisher metadata.
The correspondence between this reference and individual claims has not yet been itemized.
- 2. www.rmg.co.uk (opens in a new tab)
Source provenance and scope
- Publication date
- Not identified in metadata; document review pending
- Bibliographic date checked
- 2026-09-23
The correspondence between this reference and individual claims has not yet been itemized.
This record is an editorial synthesis. Consult the sources to check claims and their limits. Chronological relationships alone do not establish causation.