1959 AD
Samuel publishes machine learning with checkers
Artificial intelligence · Machine learning
Arthur Samuel described a checkers program that improved through experience and adjustments to its position evaluation. The work showed an alternative to manually specifying every decision and helped establish machine learning as a research program.
Precision, calendar, and review
- Start
- year · no uncertainty qualifier in this record
- Calendar and convention
- Historical-era years; the source calendar is not identified. No conversion of days is assumed.
- Year zero
- The scale goes from 1 BCE to 1 CE without year zero. Changing era names changes labels only.
- Documentary review
- 2026-09-20
Reading the date: point event.
Sources
- 1. www.ibm.com (opens in a new tab)
Source provenance and scope
- Publication date
- Pending verification
- Source updated
- 2026-01-20
- Bibliographic date checked
- 2026-09-23
- Access date
- 2026-09-20
The correspondence between this reference and individual claims has not yet been itemized.
- 2. gwern.net (opens in a new tab)
Source provenance and scope
- Publication date
- 1959-07
- What this date describes
- The cited source or edition; it may postdate the historical event.
- Bibliographic date checked
- 2026-09-23
- Access date
- 2026-09-20
The correspondence between this reference and individual claims has not yet been itemized.
This record is an editorial synthesis. Consult the sources to check claims and their limits. Chronological relationships alone do not establish causation.